Tātaitai Whatunga-iti IP
Tāurua he wāhitau IP me tōna kuhimua (192.168.1.10/24), tōna kōpare rānei (255.255.255.0), ā, ka kite tonu koe i te whatunga, te pāho, te kaihautū tuatahi me te whakamutunga me te maha o ngā kaihautū. IPv4 me IPv6.
- Whatunga
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- Kōpare whatunga-iti
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- Kōpare wildcard
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- Pāho (broadcast)
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- Kaihautū tuatahi
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- Kaihautū whakamutunga
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- Ngā kaihautū ka taea
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- Momo
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Wehea hei whatunga-iti
He whakatau tata noa ngā hua. Kāore a Solvemis e whakaae ki tētahi haepapa mō ngā hua, mō te āhua rānei o te whakamahinga.
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Te āhua o tōna mahi
Me pēhea te whakamahi
- Tāurua te wāhitau IP. Ka taea te tāpiri i te kuhimua (/24), i te kōpare (255.255.255.0) rānei ki muri.
- Ki te kore, kōwhiria te kuhimua i te rārangi; kei tōna taha te kōpare.
- Pānuitia te whatunga, te kōpare, te pāho me te awhe kaihautū i te ripanga.
- Hei wehewehe i te whatunga, huakina te “Wehea hei whatunga-iti” ka kōwhiri i te rahi.
Me pēhea te tātai
Ka puta te whatunga mā te whakamahi i te kōpare ki te wāhitau (AND moka ki te moka), ā, ko te pāho mā te whakarite i ngā moka kaihautū katoa ki te kotahi. Ngā kuhimua me ngā kōpare e ai ki te CIDR (RFC 4632); /31 e ai ki te RFC 3021; IPv6 e ai ki te RFC 4291, /127 e ai ki te RFC 6164; te āhua poto o te IPv6 e ai ki te RFC 5952. Ko te momo wāhitau i ahu mai i te rēhita a IANA mō ngā wāhitau whakamahinga motuhake (RFC 6890) me te RFC 1918.
Ngā mātāpuna
- RFC 4632: Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) — IETF (RFC Editor)
- RFC 3021: Using 31-Bit Prefixes on IPv4 Point-to-Point Links — IETF (RFC Editor)
- RFC 4291: IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture — IETF (RFC Editor)
- RFC 6164: Using 127-Bit IPv6 Prefixes on Inter-Router Links — IETF (RFC Editor)
- RFC 1918: Address Allocation for Private Internets — IETF (RFC Editor)
- IANA IPv4 Special-Purpose Address Registry — IANA
Mō tēnei tātaitai
Me pēhea te pānui i tētahi wāhitau me te kuhimua
I 192.168.1.10/24, ka kī te /24 e hia ngā moka mai i te taha mauī ko te
whatunga: 24 o te 32. Ko ngā moka 8 e toe ana mō ngā kaihautū (ngā
pūrere). He rite tonu te kōpare, engari he rerekē te tuhi: 24 kotahi me 8 kore,
255.255.255.0.
Ka whakaatu te pikitia i raro i te otinga i te wāhitau ā-rua, me te wāhanga whatunga he kahurangi.
Ngā mea ka hoatu e te tātaitai
- Whatunga: te wāhitau tuatahi o te poraka, he kore ngā moka kaihautū.
- Pāho (broadcast): te whakamutunga, he kotahi ngā moka kaihautū.
- Kaihautū tuatahi me te whakamutunga: te awhe mō ngā pūrere.
- Ngā kaihautū ka taea: 2^(32 − kuhimua) − 2.
- Kōpare wildcard: te kōpare kua hurihia, mō te ACL.
- Momo: tūmatanui, tūmataiti, CGNAT, tuhinga… me te karaehe tawhito.
Ngā kuhimua IPv4 noa
| Kuhimua | Kōpare | Kaihautū |
|---|---|---|
| /8 | 255.0.0.0 | 16,777,214 |
| /16 | 255.255.0.0 | 65,534 |
| /24 | 255.255.255.0 | 254 |
| /26 | 255.255.255.192 | 62 |
| /28 | 255.255.255.240 | 14 |
| /30 | 255.255.255.252 | 2 |
| /31 | 255.255.255.254 | 2 (ira-ki-te-ira) |
| /32 | 255.255.255.255 | 1 |
Te wehewehe i tētahi whatunga hei whatunga-iti
Ka wehea e ia moka ka tāpirihia ki te kuhimua te whatunga kia rua. Ki te wehea te /24 hei /26, e whā ngā whatunga-iti o te 64 wāhitau (62 kaihautū ia whatunga). Huakina te “Wehea hei whatunga-iti” ka kōwhiri i te rahi.
Ngā wāhitau tūmataiti me ngā wāhitau motuhake
I te kāinga me te tari, he tūmataiti te nuinga o ngā wāhitau (RFC 1918):
10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 me 192.168.0.0/16. Mēnā kei te 100.64.0.0/10
te IP o tō pūrere ararere, kei muri koe i te CGNAT a tō kaiwhakarato. Kia
mōhio ai ki tōu, whakamahia te He Aha Taku IP?.
IPv6
He 128 moka ngā wāhitau IPv6, ā, ka tuhia ā-tekau mā ono. Ka whakaatu te
tātaitai i te āhua poto (me te ::) me te āhua katoa. Kāore he pāho, ā, he /64
i ngā wā katoa te whatunga ā-rohe.
Ngā pātai auau
E hia ngā kaihautū o tētahi whatunga /24?
254. E 256 ngā wāhitau o te /24, engari ko te tuatahi te wāhitau whatunga, ko te whakamutunga te pāho; e 254 e toe ana mō ngā pūrere. Hei tikanga, e 2^(32 − n) − 2 ngā kaihautū o te whatunga IPv4 he kuhimua n tōna, hāunga te /31 me te /32.
He aha te kōpare wildcard?
Ko te kōpare whatunga-iti kua hurihia: he kotahi i te wāhi he kore kei te kōpare. Mō 255.255.255.0, ko 0.0.0.255. Ka whakamahia e ngā rārangi uru (ACL) me te OSPF o ngā pūrere ararere Cisco.
He aha e rua ai ngā kaihautū o te /31?
Nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he wāhitau whatunga, pāho rānei e te hono i waenga i ngā pūrere ararere e rua. Ka whakaae te RFC 3021 kia whakamahia ngā wāhitau e rua o te /31 hei kaihautū.
Ā, te IPv6?
Kāore he pāho i te IPv6: ka taea te whakamahi i ngā wāhitau katoa o te poraka. Hei tikanga ka whiwhi ia whatunga ā-rohe i te /64, ia kiritaki i te /48, /56 rānei. I waenga i ngā pūrere ararere, ko te /127 e tūtohutia ana (RFC 6164).
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